The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
by Thomas Kuhn
Key Concepts
Normal Science
Routine puzzle-solving within an established, accepted scientific framework.
Anomalies
Observations or problems that cannot be explained by the prevailing paradigm, leading to crisis.
Crisis
A period of profound uncertainty and debate when anomalies accumulate, challenging foundational assumptions.
Paradigm Shift
A fundamental, revolutionary change in the basic concepts and practices of a scientific discipline.
Incommensurability
Successive paradigms are so fundamentally different that they cannot be fully translated or judged by a common standard.
Action Items
Regularly question the foundational assumptions within your field.
Embrace anomalies and unexpected results as potential drivers of breakthrough.
Be open to radical shifts in understanding, even if they invalidate past work.
Recognize that new data may necessitate entirely new conceptual frameworks, not just refinements.
Foster environments that tolerate intellectual dissent and alternative interpretations.
Core Thesis
Scientific progress occurs through revolutionary paradigm shifts, not linear accumulation of knowledge.
Mindset Shift
Science is not a linear accumulation of objective facts, but a revolutionary process driven by changing worldviews and social consensus.